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The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism, were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics. The style of architecture that was thus created, though also characterised as "Neo-Renaissance", was essentially of its own time. "The backward look transforms its object," Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles;〔Siegfried Giedion, ''Space, Time and Architecture'' 1941 etc.〕 "every spectator at every period—at every moment, indeed—inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature." The Italianate style was first developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash, with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire. This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s.〔Turner, Michael. ''Osbourne House'' Page 28. English Heritage. Osbourne House. ISBN 1-85074-249-9〕 Barry's Italianate style (occasionally termed "Barryesque")〔 drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, though sometimes at odds with Nash's semi-rustic Italianate villas. The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms, long after its decline in popularity in Britain, throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire. From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=http://www.oldhouseweb.com/blog/the-italianate-style/ )〕 where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis. ==Italianate style in England and Wales== A late intimation of Nash's development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon. Commissioned by the dowager Lady Ashburton as a country retreat, this small country house clearly shows the transition between the picturesque of William Gilpin and Nash's yet to be fully evolved Italianism. While this house can still be described as Regency, its informal asymmetrical plan together with its loggias and balconies of both stone and wrought iron; tower and low pitched roof clearly are very similar to the fully Italianate design of Cronkhill,〔(Photograph of Cronkhill ) The house is still more a picturesque cottage than great Italian Villa or Palazzo〕 the house generally considered to be the first example of the Italianate style in Britain. Later examples of the Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian-style building often enhanced by a belvedere tower complete with Renaissance-type balustrading at the roof level. This is generally a more stylistic interpretation of what architects and patrons imagined to be the case in Italy, and utilises more obviously the Italian Renaissance motifs than those earlier examples of the Italianate style by Nash. Sir Charles Barry, most notable for his works on the Tudor and Gothic styles at the Houses of Parliament in London, was a great promoter of the style. Unlike Nash he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and the Veneto or as he put it: "''...the charming character of the irregular villas of Italy''."〔Girouard, Mark. ''Life in the English Country House'' Page 272. Yale University〕 His most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden (''illustrated above''). Although it has been claimed that one third of early Victorian country houses in England used classical styles, mostly Italianate,〔Walton, John. ''Late Georgian and Victorian Britain'' Page 58. George Philip Ltd. 1989. ISBN 0-540-01185-1〕 by 1855 the style was falling from favour and Cliveden came to be regarded as "''a declining essay in a declining fashion''."〔Direct quote from: Walton, John. ''Late Georgian and Victorian Britain'' Page 58. George Philip Ltd. 1989. ISBN 0-540-01185-1〕 Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces.〔 Cubitt designed Osborne House under the direction of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and it is Cubitt's reworking of his two dimensional street architecture into this free standing mansion〔 which was to be the inspiration for countless Italianate villas throughout the British Empire. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the style became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new and wealthy industrialists of the era. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, often laid out in a terrace Tuscan style as well. On occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs, and then termed chateauesque. However, "''after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux''"〔Girouard, Mark. ''Life in the English Country House'' Page 272. Yale University〕 by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house was Gothic, Tudor, or Elizabethan. The Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot in Devon, with Isambard Brunel's atmospheric railway pumping houses. The style was later used by Humphrey Abberley and Joseph Rowell who designed a large number of houses, with the new railway station as the focal point, for Lord Courtenay who saw the potential of the railway age. An example that is not very well known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christopher's Anglican church in Hinchley Wood, Surrey, particularly given the design of its bell tower.〔http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1532427&docid=cgvHUPA5EDpUWM&imgurl=http://s0.ge〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italianate architecture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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